实例详解Django的 select_related 和 prefetch_related 函数

实例详解Django的 select_related 和 prefetch_related 函数对 QuerySet 查询的优化（三），djangoqueryset

这是本系列的最后一篇，主要是select_related() 和 prefetch_related() 的最佳实践。

第一篇在这里 讲例子和select_related()

第二篇在这里 讲prefetch_related()

4. 一些实例

选择哪个函数

如果我们想要获得所有家乡是湖北的人，最无脑的做法是先获得湖北省，再获得湖北的所有城市，最后获得故乡是这个城市的人。就像这样：

>>> hb = Province.objects.get(name__iexact=u"湖北省")
>>> people = []
>>> for city in hb.city_set.all():
...   people.extend(city.birth.all())
...

显然这不是一个明智的选择，因为这样做会导致1+（湖北省城市数）次SQL查询。反正是个反例，导致的查询和获得掉结果就不列出来了。
prefetch_related() 或许是一个好的解决方法，让我们来看看。

>>> hb = Province.objects.prefetch_related("city_set__birth").objects.get(name__iexact=u"湖北省")
>>> people = []
>>> for city in hb.city_set.all():
...   people.extend(city.birth.all())
...

因为是一个深度为2的prefetch，所以会导致3次SQL查询：

SELECT `QSOptimize_province`.`id`, `QSOptimize_province`.`name` 
FROM `QSOptimize_province` 
WHERE `QSOptimize_province`.`name` LIKE '湖北省' ;

SELECT `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` 
FROM `QSOptimize_city` 
WHERE `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` IN (1);

SELECT `QSOptimize_person`.`id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`firstname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`lastname`, 
`QSOptimize_person`.`hometown_id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`living_id` 
FROM `QSOptimize_person` 
WHERE `QSOptimize_person`.`hometown_id` IN (1, 3);

嗯...看上去不错，但是3次查询么？倒过来查询可能会更简单？

>>> people = list(Person.objects.select_related("hometown__province").filter(hometown__province__name__iexact=u"湖北省"))

SELECT `QSOptimize_person`.`id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`firstname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`lastname`, 
`QSOptimize_person`.`hometown_id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`living_id`, `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, 
`QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id`, `QSOptimize_province`.`id`, `QSOptimize_province`.`name`
FROM `QSOptimize_person` 
INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_city` ON (`QSOptimize_person`.`hometown_id` = `QSOptimize_city`.`id`) 
INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_province` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` = `QSOptimize_province`.`id`) 
WHERE `QSOptimize_province`.`name` LIKE '湖北省';

+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+----+--------+-------------+----+--------+
| id | firstname | lastname | hometown_id | living_id | id | name   | province_id | id | name   |
+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+----+--------+-------------+----+--------+
|  1 | 张        | 三       |           3 |         1 |  3 | 十堰市 |           1 |  1 | 湖北省 |
|  2 | 李        | 四       |           1 |         3 |  1 | 武汉市 |           1 |  1 | 湖北省 |
|  3 | 王        | 麻子     |           3 |         2 |  3 | 十堰市 |           1 |  1 | 湖北省 |
+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+----+--------+-------------+----+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

完全没问题。不仅SQL查询的数量减少了，python程序上也精简了。
select_related()的效率要高于prefetch_related()。因此，最好在能用select_related()的地方尽量使用它，也就是说，对于ForeignKey字段，避免使用prefetch_related()。

联用

对于同一个QuerySet，你可以同时使用这两个函数。 在我们一直使用的例子上加一个model：Order （订单）

class Order(models.Model):
    customer   = models.ForeignKey(Person)
    orderinfo  = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    time       = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add = True)
    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.orderinfo

如果我们拿到了一个订单的id 我们要知道这个订单的客户去过的省份。因为有ManyToManyField显然必须要用prefetch_related()。如果只用prefetch_related()会怎样呢？

>>> plist = Order.objects.prefetch_related('customer__visitation__province').get(id=1)
>>> for city in plist.customer.visitation.all():
...   print city.province.name
...

显然，关系到了4个表：Order、Person、City、Province，根据prefetch_related()的特性就得有4次SQL查询

SELECT `QSOptimize_order`.`id`, `QSOptimize_order`.`customer_id`, `QSOptimize_order`.`orderinfo`, `QSOptimize_order`.`time` 
FROM `QSOptimize_order` 
WHERE `QSOptimize_order`.`id` = 1 ;

SELECT `QSOptimize_person`.`id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`firstname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`lastname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`hometown_id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`living_id` 
FROM `QSOptimize_person` 
WHERE `QSOptimize_person`.`id` IN (1);

SELECT (`QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id`) AS `_prefetch_related_val`, `QSOptimize_city`.`id`,
`QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` 
FROM `QSOptimize_city` 
INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person_visitation` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`id` = `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`city_id`) 
WHERE `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id` IN (1); 

SELECT `QSOptimize_province`.`id`, `QSOptimize_province`.`name` 
FROM `QSOptimize_province`
WHERE `QSOptimize_province`.`id` IN (1, 2);

+----+-------------+---------------+---------------------+
| id | customer_id | orderinfo     | time                |
+----+-------------+---------------+---------------------+
|  1 |           1 | Info of Order | 2014-08-10 17:05:48 |
+----+-------------+---------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+
| id | firstname | lastname | hometown_id | living_id |
+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+
|  1 | 张        | 三       |           3 |         1 |
+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+-----------------------+----+--------+-------------+
| _prefetch_related_val | id | name   | province_id |
+-----------------------+----+--------+-------------+
|                     1 |  1 | 武汉市 |           1 |
|                     1 |  2 | 广州市 |           2 |
|                     1 |  3 | 十堰市 |           1 |
+-----------------------+----+--------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | 湖北省 |
|  2 | 广东省 |
+----+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

更好的办法是先调用一次select_related()再调用prefetch_related()，最后再select_related()后面的表

>>> plist = Order.objects.select_related('customer').prefetch_related('customer__visitation__province').get(id=1)
>>> for city in plist.customer.visitation.all():
...   print city.province.name
...

这样只会有3次SQL查询，Django会先做select_related，之后prefetch_related的时候会利用之前缓存的数据，从而避免了1次额外的SQL查询：

SELECT `QSOptimize_order`.`id`, `QSOptimize_order`.`customer_id`, `QSOptimize_order`.`orderinfo`, 
`QSOptimize_order`.`time`, `QSOptimize_person`.`id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`firstname`, 
`QSOptimize_person`.`lastname`, `QSOptimize_person`.`hometown_id`, `QSOptimize_person`.`living_id` 
FROM `QSOptimize_order` 
INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person` ON (`QSOptimize_order`.`customer_id` = `QSOptimize_person`.`id`) 
WHERE `QSOptimize_order`.`id` = 1 ;

SELECT (`QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id`) AS `_prefetch_related_val`, `QSOptimize_city`.`id`, 
`QSOptimize_city`.`name`, `QSOptimize_city`.`province_id` 
FROM `QSOptimize_city` 
INNER JOIN `QSOptimize_person_visitation` ON (`QSOptimize_city`.`id` = `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`city_id`) 
WHERE `QSOptimize_person_visitation`.`person_id` IN (1);

SELECT `QSOptimize_province`.`id`, `QSOptimize_province`.`name` 
FROM `QSOptimize_province` 
WHERE `QSOptimize_province`.`id` IN (1, 2);

+----+-------------+---------------+---------------------+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+
| id | customer_id | orderinfo     | time                | id | firstname | lastname | hometown_id | living_id |
+----+-------------+---------------+---------------------+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+
|  1 |           1 | Info of Order | 2014-08-10 17:05:48 |  1 | 张        | 三       |           3 |         1 |
+----+-------------+---------------+---------------------+----+-----------+----------+-------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+-----------------------+----+--------+-------------+
| _prefetch_related_val | id | name   | province_id |
+-----------------------+----+--------+-------------+
|                     1 |  1 | 武汉市 |           1 |
|                     1 |  2 | 广州市 |           2 |
|                     1 |  3 | 十堰市 |           1 |
+-----------------------+----+--------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | 湖北省 |
|  2 | 广东省 |
+----+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

值得注意的是，可以在调用prefetch_related之前调用select_related，并且Django会按照你想的去做：先select_related，然后利用缓存到的数据prefetch_related。然而一旦prefetch_related已经调用，select_related将不起作用。

小结

关于这两个函数，我能想到的东西目前只有这么多。不过基于一些个人原因，写第三篇时间比较短，写的有些仓促。如果什么时候又想起了什么，我会在这篇博文中添加。

from itertools import chainfrom operator import attrgetter#...post = Post.objects.get(pk=post_id) # 获取博文likes = likes = post.like_set.all() # 获取喜爱信息# likes = Like.objects.filter(post=post)reblogs = Post.objects.filter(reblog_from=post) # 获取转发信息# 合并喜爱及转发信息，并按时间逆序排序notes = sorted(chain(likes, reblogs), key=attrgetter('created_at'), reverse=True)#...使用 itertools.chain 函数合并可迭代对象，查询集为可迭代对象：
>>>list(chain([1,2,3],'abc'))>>>[1,2,3,'a','b','c']使用 sorted 函数排序（按对象属性排序）。

 

你试试下面这中写法，看是不是会全部删除
> from models import Entry
> query = Entry.all()
> entries =query.fetch(1)
> db.delete(entries)