Oracle学习（3）：单行函数
单行函数
单行函数:
操作数据对象 接受参数返回一个结果 只对一行进行变换 每行返回一个结果 可以转换数据类型 可以嵌套 参数可以是一列或一个值*************************************************************************************************************************************************
字符函数
*************************************************************************************************************************************************
SQL> --字符函数
大小写控制函数
2 from dual;
转小写 转大写 首字母大写
----------- ----------- -----------
hello world HELLO WORLD Hello World
SQL> --substr:求子串
SQL> select substr('Hello World',4) from dual;
SUBSTR('
--------
lo World
SQL> select substr('Hello World',4,5) from dual;
SUBST
-----
lo Wo
字符控制函数
字符数字节数
SQL> --length:字符数 lengthb：字节数SQL> select length("Hello World') 字符数,lengthb('Hello World') 字节数
2 from dual;
字符数 字节数
---------- ----------
11 11
SQL> ed
已写入 file afiedt.buf
1 select length('北京') 字符数,lengthb('北京') 字节数
2* from dual
SQL> /
字符数 字节数
---------- ----------
2 4
SQL> host cls
查找子串
SQL> --instr:在母串中查找子串，如果找到返回下标（从1开始）；否则返回0SQL> select instr('Hello World','ll') from dual;
INSTR('HELLOWORLD','LL')
------------------------
3
左右填充
SQL> --lpad:左填充 rpad 右填充
SQL> select lpad('abcd',10,'*') 左填充,rpad('abcd',10,'*') 右填充 from dual;
左填充 右填充
---------- ----------
******abcd abcd******
SQL> host cls
去掉前后指定的字符
SQL> --trim:去掉前后指定的字符
SQL> select trim('H' from 'Hello WorldH') from dual;TRIM('H'FR
----------
ello World
replace:替换
SQL> --replace:替换SQL> select replace('Hello World','l','*') from dual;
REPLACE('HE
-----------
He**o Wor*d
SQL> host cls
数字函数
SQL> --数值函数
四舍五入round
SQL> select round(45.926,2) 一,round(45.926,1) 二,round(45.926,0) 三, round(45.926,-1) 四,round(45.926,-2) 五2 from dual;
一 二 三 四 五
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
45.93 45.9 46 50 0
SQL> ed
已写入 file afiedt.buf
截断函数,TRUNC
1 select TRUNC(45.926,2) 一,TRUNC(45.926,1) 二,TRUNC(45.926,0) 三, TRUNC(45.926,-1) 四,TRUNC(45.926,-2) 五2* from dual
SQL> /
一 二 三 四 五
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
45.92 45.9 45 40 0
SQL> host cls
日期函数
SQL> --日期函数
<喎?http://www.Bkjia.com/kf/ware/vc/" target="_blank" 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alt="\">
SQL> host cls
SQL> --使用months_between计算工龄
SQL> select ename,(sysdate-hiredate)/30 方式一,months_between(sysdate,hiredate) 方式二
2 from emp;
ENAME 方式一 方式二
-------- ---------- ----------
SMITH 380.720133 375.277548
ALLEN 378.553466 373.180774
WARD 378.4868 373.116258
JONES 377.1868 371.761419
MARTIN 371.220133 365.922709
BLAKE 376.220133 370.793677
CLARK 374.920133 369.535613
SCOTT 300.753466 296.40658
KING 369.553466 364.277548
TURNER 371.8868 366.567871
ADAMS 300.753466 296.40658
JAMES 369.020133 363.729161
FORD 369.020133 363.729161
MILLER 367.320133 362.084
已选择14行。
SQL> --add_months:加上若干个月
SQL> select add_months(sysdate,123) from dual;
ADD_MONTHS(SYS
--------------
25-6月 -22
SQL> select last_day(sysdate) from dual; 某月最后一天
LAST_DAY(SYSDA
--------------
31-3月 -12
SQL> select next_day(sysdate,"星期日') from dual; 下一个星期日
NEXT_DAY(SYSDA
--------------
01-4月 -12
SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'礼拜天') from dual;
select next_day(sysdate,'礼拜天') from dual
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-01846: 周中的日无效
SQL> host cls
SQL> --对日期进行四舍五入
SQL> select round(sysdate,'MONTH'), round(sysdate,'YEAR') from dual;
ROUND(SYSDATE, ROUND(SYSDATE,
-------------- --------------
01-4月 -12 01-1月 -12
转换函数
隐式转换
SQL> --隐式数据类型转换前提：被转换对象是可以转换的
显式转换：
to_char对日期的转换
*****************************************************************************************************************************
*****************************************************************************************************************************
SQL> --2012-3月-25今天是星期日
SQL> --2012-3月-25 14:44:00 今天是星期日
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,"yyyy-mon-dd hh24:mi:mm"今天是" day') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YYYY-MON-DDHH24:MI:MM"今
-----------------------------------------
2012-3月 -25 14:46:03今天是 星期日
SQL> host cls
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- -------- --------- ---------- -------------- ----- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-12月-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-2月 -81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-2月 -81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-4月 -81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-9月 -81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-5月 -81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-6月 -81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 13-7月 -87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-11月-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-9月 -81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 13-7月 -87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-12月-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-12月-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-1月 -82 1300 10
已选择14行。
to_char对数字的转换
SQL> --查询员工的薪水：货币代码，千位符，两位小数
SQL> select to_char(sal,"L9,999.99') from emp;
TO_CHAR(SAL,'L9,999
-------------------
￥800.00
￥1,600.00
￥1,250.00
￥2,975.00
￥1,250.00
￥2,850.00
￥2,450.00
￥3,000.00
￥5,000.00
￥1,500.00
￥1,100.00
￥950.00
￥3,000.00
￥1,300.00
已选择14行。
SQL> select * from v$nls_parameters;
PARAMETER VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
NLS_LANGUAGE SIMPLIFIED CHINESE
NLS_TERRITORY CHINA
NLS_CURRENCY ￥
NLS_ISO_CURRENCY CHINA
NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS .,
NLS_CALENDAR GREGORIAN
NLS_DATE_FORMAT DD-MON-RR
NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE SIMPLIFIED CHINESE
NLS_CHARACTERSET ZHS16GBK
NLS_SORT BINARY
NLS_TIME_FORMAT HH.MI.SSXFF AM
NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT DD-MON-RR HH.MI.SSXFF AM
NLS_TIME_TZ_FORMAT HH.MI.SSXFF AM TZR
NLS_TIMESTAMP_TZ_FORMAT DD-MON-RR HH.MI.SSXFF AM TZR
NLS_DUAL_CURRENCY ￥
NLS_NCHAR_CHARACTERSET AL16UTF16
NLS_COMP BINARY
PARAMETER VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
NLS_LENGTH_SEMANTICS BYTE
NLS_NCHAR_CONV_EXCP FALSE
已选择19行。
SQL> host cls
通用函数
这些函数适用于任何数据类型，同时也适用于空值：
NVL (expr1, expr2) NVL2 (expr1, expr2, expr3) NULLIF (expr1, expr2) COALESCE (expr1, expr2, ..., exprn)SQL> --通用函数
SQL> --NVL2 (expr1, expr2, expr3)
SQL> --当expr1为null时，返回expr3；否则返回expr2
SQL> select empno,ename,sal,comm,sal*12+nvl2(comm,comm,0)
2 from emp;
EMPNO ENAME SAL COMM SAL*12+NVL2(COMM,COMM,0)
---------- -------- ----- ---------- ------------------------
7369 SMITH 800 9600
7499 ALLEN 1600 300 19500
7521 WARD 1250 500 15500
7566 JONES 2975 35700
7654 MARTIN 1250 1400 16400
7698 BLAKE 2850 34200
7782 CLARK 2450 29400
7788 SCOTT 3000 36000
7839 KING 5000 60000
7844 TURNER 1500 0 18000
7876 ADAMS 1100 13200
7900 JAMES 950 11400
7902 FORD 3000 36000
7934 MILLER 1300 15600
已选择14行。
SQL> host cls
SQL> --NULLIF (expr1, expr2):当expr1=expr2时，返回null；否则返回expr1
SQL> select nullif('abc','abc') from dual;
NUL
---
SQL> select nullif('abc','abcd') from dual;
NUL
---
abc
SQL> --COALESCE (expr1, expr2, ..., exprn):找到参数列表中，第一个不为null的值
SQL> select comm,sal,COALESCE(comm,sal) from emp;
COMM SAL COALESCE(COMM,SAL)
---------- ----- ------------------
800 800
300 1600 300
500 1250 500
2975 2975
1400 1250 1400
2850 2850
2450 2450
3000 3000
5000 5000
0 1500 0
1100 1100
950 950
3000 3000
1300 1300
已选择14行。
SQL> host cls
条件表达式
在SQL语句中使用IF-THEN-ELSE 逻辑使用两种方法: ?CASE表达式：SQL99的语法，类似Basic，比较繁琐 ?DECODE函数：Oracle自己的语法，类似Java，比较简介
SQL> --给员工涨工资：总裁1000 经理800 其他400
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- -------- --------- ---------- -------------- ----- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-12月-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-2月 -81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-2月 -81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-4月 -81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-9月 -81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-5月 -81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-6月 -81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 13-7月 -87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-11月-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-9月 -81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 13-7月 -87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-12月-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-12月-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-1月 -82 1300 10
已选择14行。
case表达式
SQL> select empno,ename,job,sal 涨前薪水,case job when 'PRESIDENT' then sal+10002 when 'MANAGER' then sal+800
3 else sal+400
4 end 涨后薪水
5 from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB 涨前薪水 涨后薪水
---------- -------- --------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 800 1200
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 2000
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250 1650
7566 JONES MANAGER 2975 3775
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 1650
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 3650
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450 3250
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000 3400
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000 6000
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500 1900
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100 1500
7900 JAMES CLERK 950 1350
7902 FORD ANALYST 3000 3400
7934 MILLER CLERK 1300 1700
已选择14行。
decode函数
SQL> select empno,ename,job,sal 涨前薪水,decode(job,'PRESIDENT',sal+1000,
2 'MANAGER', sal+800,
3 sal+400) 涨后薪水
4 from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB 涨前薪水 涨后薪水
---------- -------- --------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 800 1200
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 2000
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250 1650
7566 JONES MANAGER 2975 3775
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 1650
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 3650
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450 3250
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000 3400
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000 6000
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500 1900
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100 1500
7900 JAMES CLERK 950 1350
7902 FORD ANALYST 3000 3400
7934 MILLER CLERK 1300 1700
已选择14行。
SQL> spool off