Oracle常用知识总结
1.曾经不小心把开发库的数据库表全部删除，当时吓的要死。结果找到下面的语句恢复到了1个小时之前的数据！很简单。
注意使用管理员登录系统：
select * from 表名 as of timestamp sysdate-1/12 //查询两个小时前的某表数据！既然两小时以前的数据都得到了，继续怎么做，知道了吧。。
如果drop了表，怎么办？？见下面：
drop table 表名;
数据库误删除表之后恢复,不过要记得删除了哪些表名。
flashback table 表名 to before drop;
2.查询得到当前数据库中锁，以及解锁：
查锁
SELECT s.username,
decode(l.type,'TM','TABLE LOCK',
'TX','ROW LOCK',
NULL) LOCK_LEVEL,
o.owner,o.object_name,o.object_type,
s.sid,s.serial#,s.terminal,s.machine,s.program,s.osuser
FROM v$session s,v$lock l,dba_objects o
WHERE l.sid = s.sid
AND l.id1 = o.object_id(+)
AND s.username is NOT NULL;
解锁
alter system kill session 'sid,serial';
如果解不了。直接倒os下kill进程kill －9 spid
ORA-28000:账户被锁定
因为密码输入错误多次用户自动被锁定.
解决办法:alter user user_name account unlock;
3.关于查询数据库用户，权限的相关语句：
查看所有用户：
select * from dba_user;
select * from all_users;
select * from user_users;
查看用户系统权限：
select * from dba_sys_privs;
select * from all_sys_privs;
10.select * from user_sys_privs;
查看用户对象权限：
select * from dba_tab_privs;
select * from all_tab_privs;
select * from user_tab_privs;
查看所有角色：
20.select * from dba_roles;
查看用户所拥有的角色：
select * from dba_role_privs;
select * from user_role_privs;
几个经常用到的oracle视图：注意表名使用大写....................
查询oracle中所有用户信息
select * from dba_user;
只查询用户和密码
select username,password from dba_users;
查询当前用户信息
select * from dba_ustats;
查询用户可以访问的视图文本
select * from dba_varrays;
查询数据库中所有视图的文本
select * from dba_views;
查询全部索引
select * from user_indexes;
查询全部表格
select * from user_tables;
查询全部约束
select * from user_constraints;
查询全部对象
select * from user_objects;
查看当前数据库中正在执行的语句，然后可以继续做很多很多事情，例如查询执行计划等等
(1).查看相关进程在数据库中的会话
Select a.sid,a.serial#,a.program, a.status ,
substr(a.machine,1,20), a.terminal,b.spid
from v$session a, v$process b
where a.paddr=b.addr
and b.spid = &spid;
(2).查看数据库中被锁住的对象和相关会话
select a.sid,a.serial#,a.username,a.program,
c.owner, c.object_name
from v$session a, v$locked_object b, all_objects c
where a.sid=b.session_id and
c.object_id = b.object_id;
(3).查看相关会话正在执行的SQL
select sql_text from v$sqlarea where address =
( select sql_address from v$session where sid = &sid );
(1).查看相关进程在数据库中的会话
Select a.sid,a.serial#,a.program, a.status ,
substr(a.machine,1,20), a.terminal,b.spid
from v$session a, v$process b
where a.paddr=b.addr
and b.spid = &spid;
(2).查看数据库中被锁住的对象和相关会话
select a.sid,a.serial#,a.username,a.program,
c.owner, c.object_name
from v$session a, v$locked_object b, all_objects c
where a.sid=b.session_id and
c.object_id = b.object_id;
(3).查看相关会话正在执行的SQL
select sql_text from v$sqlarea where address =
( select sql_address from v$session where sid = &sid );
查询表的结构：表名大写！！
select t.COLUMN_NAME,
t.DATA_TYPE,
nvl(t.DATA_PRECISION, t.DATA_LENGTH),
nvl(T.DATA_SCALE, 0),
c.comments
from all_tab_columns t, user_col_comments c
whEre t.TABLE_NAME = c.table_name
and t.COLUMN_NAME = c.column_name
and t.TABLE_NAME = UPPER('OM_EMPLOYEE_T')
order by t.COLUMN_ID
行列互换：
Sql代码
建立一个例子表：
CREATE TABLE t_col_row(
ID INT,
c1 VARCHAR2(10),
c2 VARCHAR2(10),
c3 VARCHAR2(10));
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (1, 'v11', 'v21', 'v31');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (2, 'v12', 'v22', NULL);
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (3, 'v13', NULL, 'v33');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (4, NULL, 'v24', 'v34');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (5, 'v15', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (6, NULL, NULL, 'v35');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (7, NULL, NULL, NULL);
COMMIT;
下面的是列转行:创建了一个视图
CREATE view v_row_col AS
SELECT id, 'c1' cn, c1 cv
FROM t_col_row
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c2' cn, c2 cv
FROM t_col_row
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c3' cn, c3 cv FROM t_col_row;
下面是创建了没有空值的一个竖表:
CREATE view v_row_col_notnull AS
SELECT id, 'c1' cn, c1 cv
FROM t_col_row
where c1 is not null
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c2' cn, c2 cv
FROM t_col_row
where c2 is not null
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c3' cn, c3 cv
FROM t_col_row
where c3 is not null;
Sql代码
建立一个例子表：
CREATE TABLE t_col_row(
ID INT,
c1 VARCHAR2(10),
c2 VARCHAR2(10),
c3 VARCHAR2(10));
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (1, 'v11', 'v21', 'v31');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (2, 'v12', 'v22', NULL);
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (3, 'v13', NULL, 'v33');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (4, NULL, 'v24', 'v34');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (5, 'v15', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (6, NULL, NULL, 'v35');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (7, NULL, NULL, NULL);
COMMIT;
下面的是列转行:创建了一个视图
CREATE view v_row_col AS
SELECT id, 'c1' cn, c1 cv
FROM t_col_row
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c2' cn, c2 cv
FROM t_col_row
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c3' cn, c3 cv FROM t_col_row;
下面是创建了没有空值的一个竖表:
CREATE view v_row_col_notnull AS
SELECT id, 'c1' cn, c1 cv
FROM t_col_row
where c1 is not null
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c2' cn, c2 cv
FROM t_col_row
where c2 is not null
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c3' cn, c3 cv
FROM t_col_row
where c3 is not null;
建立一个例子表：
CREATE TABLE t_col_row(
ID INT,
c1 VARCHAR2(10),
c2 VARCHAR2(10),
c3 VARCHAR2(10));
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (1, 'v11', 'v21', 'v31');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (2, 'v12', 'v22', NULL);
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (3, 'v13', NULL, 'v33');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (4, NULL, 'v24', 'v34');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (5, 'v15', NULL, NULL);
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (6, NULL, NULL, 'v35');
INSERT INTO t_col_row VALUES (7, NULL, NULL, NULL);
COMMIT;
下面的是列转行:创建了一个视图
CREATE view v_row_col AS
SELECT id, 'c1' cn, c1 cv
FROM t_col_row
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c2' cn, c2 cv
FROM t_col_row
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c3' cn, c3 cv FROM t_col_row;
下面是创建了没有空值的一个竖表:
CREATE view v_row_col_notnull AS
SELECT id, 'c1' cn, c1 cv
FROM t_col_row
where c1 is not null
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c2' cn, c2 cv
FROM t_col_row
where c2 is not null
UNION ALL
SELECT id, 'c3' cn, c3 cv
FROM t_col_row
where c3 is not null;
下面可能是dba经常使用的oracle视图吧。呵呵
Sql代码
示例：已知hash_value:3111103299，查询sql语句：
select * from v$sqltext
where hashvalue='3111103299'
order by piece
查看消耗资源最多的SQL：
SELECT hash_value, executions, buffer_gets, disk_reads, parse_calls
FROM V$SQLAREA
WHERE buffer_gets > 10000000OR disk_reads > 1000000
ORDERBY buffer_gets + 100 * disk_reads DESC;
查看某条SQL语句的资源消耗：
SELECT hash_value, buffer_gets, disk_reads, executions, parse_calls
FROM V$SQLAREA
WHERE hash_Value = 228801498AND address = hextoraw('CBD8E4B0');
查询sql语句的动态执行计划:
首先使用下面的语句找到语句的在执行计划中的address和hash_code
SELECT sql_text, address, hash_value FROM v$sql t
where (sql_text like '%FUNCTION_T(表名大写!)%')
然后:
SELECT operation, options, object_name, cost FROM v$sql_plan
WHERE address = 'C00000016BD6D248' AND hash_value = 664376056;
查询oracle的版本:
select * from v$version;
查询数据库的一些参数:
select * from v$parameter
查找你的session信息
SELECT SID, OSUSER, USERNAME, MACHINE, PROCESS
FROM V$SESSION WHERE audsid = userenv('SESSIONID');
当machine已知的情况下查找session
SELECT SID, OSUSER, USERNAME, MACHINE, TERMINAL
FROM V$SESSION
WHERE terminal = 'pts/tl' AND machine = 'rgmdbs1';
查找当前被某个指定session正在运行的sql语句。假设sessionID为100
select b.sql_text
from v$session a,v$sqlarea b
where a.sql_hashvalue=b.hash_value and a.sid=100
Sql代码
示例：已知hash_value:3111103299，查询sql语句：
select * from v$sqltext
where hashvalue='3111103299'
order by piece
查看消耗资源最多的SQL：
SELECT hash_value, executions, buffer_gets, disk_reads, parse_calls
FROM V$SQLAREA
WHERE buffer_gets > 10000000OR disk_reads > 1000000
ORDERBY buffer_gets + 100 * disk_reads DESC;
查看某条SQL语句的资源消耗：
SELECT hash_value, buffer_gets, disk_reads, executions, parse_calls
FROM V$SQLAREA
WHERE hash_Value = 228801498AND address = hextoraw('CBD8E4B0');
查询sql语句的动态执行计划:
首先使用下面的语句找到语句的在执行计划中的address和hash_code
SELECT sql_text, address, hash_value FROM v$sql t
where (sql_text like '%FUNCTION_T(表名大写!)%')
然后:
SELECT operation, options, object_name, cost FROM v$sql_plan
WHERE address = 'C00000016BD6D248' AND hash_value = 664376056;
查询oracle的版本:
select * from v$version;
查询数据库的一些参数:
select * from v$parameter
查找你的session信息
SELECT SID, OSUSER, USERNAME, MACHINE, PROCESS
FROM V$SESSION WHERE audsid = userenv('SESSIONID');
当machine已知的情况下查找session
SELECT SID, OSUSER, USERNAME, MACHINE, TERMINAL
FROM V$SESSION
WHERE terminal = 'pts/tl' AND machine = 'rgmdbs1';
查找当前被某个指定session正在运行的sql语句。假设sessionID为100
select b.sql_text
from v$session a,v$sqlarea b
where a.sql_hashvalue=b.hash_value and a.sid=100
示例：已知hash_value:3111103299，查询sql语句：
select * from v$sqltext
where hashvalue='3111103299'
order by piece
查看消耗资源最多的SQL：
SELECT hash_value, executions, buffer_gets, disk_reads, parse_calls
FROM V$SQLAREA
WHERE buffer_gets > 10000000OR disk_reads > 1000000
ORDERBY buffer_gets + 100 * disk_reads DESC;
查看某条SQL语句的资源消耗：
SELECT hash_value, buffer_gets, disk_reads, executions, parse_calls
FROM V$SQLAREA
WHERE hash_Value = 228801498AND address = hextoraw('CBD8E4B0');
查询sql语句的动态执行计划:
首先使用下面的语句找到语句的在执行计划中的address和hash_code
SELECT sql_text, address, hash_value FROM v$sql t
where (sql_text like '%FUNCTION_T(表名大写!)%')
然后:
SELECT operation, options, object_name, cost FROM v$sql_plan
WHERE address = 'C00000016BD6D248' AND hash_value = 664376056;
查询oracle的版本:
select * from v$version;
查询数据库的一些参数:
select * from v$parameter
查找你的session信息
SELECT SID, OSUSER, USERNAME, MACHINE, PROCESS
FROM V$SESSION WHERE audsid = userenv('SESSIONID');
当machine已知的情况下查找session
SELECT SID, OSUSER, USERNAME, MACHINE, TERMINAL
FROM V$SESSION
WHERE terminal = 'pts/tl' AND machine = 'rgmdbs1';
查找当前被某个指定session正在运行的sql语句。假设sessionID为100
select b.sql_text
from v$session a,v$sqlarea b
where a.sql_hashvalue=b.hash_value and a.sid=100
树形结构connect by 排序：
Sql代码
查询树形的数据结构，同时对一层里面的数据进行排序
SELECT last_name, employee_id, manager_id, LEVEL
FROM employees
START WITH employee_id = 100
CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id
ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name;
下面是查询结果
LAST_NAME EMPLOYEE_ID MANAGER_ID LEVEL
------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----------
King 100 1
Cambrault 148 100 2
Bates 172 148 3
Bloom 169 148 3
Fox 170 148 3
Kumar 173 148 3
Ozer 168 148 3
Smith 171 148 3
De Haan 102 100 2
Hunold 103 102 3
Austin 105 103 4
Ernst 104 103 4
Lorentz 107 103 4
Pataballa 106 103 4
Errazuriz 147 100 2
Ande 166 147 3
Banda 167 147 3
Sql代码
查询树形的数据结构，同时对一层里面的数据进行排序
SELECT last_name, employee_id, manager_id, LEVEL
FROM employees
START WITH employee_id = 100
CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id
ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name;
下面是查询结果
LAST_NAME EMPLOYEE_ID MANAGER_ID LEVEL
------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----------
King 100 1
Cambrault 148 100 2
Bates 172 148 3
Bloom 169 148 3
Fox 170 148 3
Kumar 173 148 3
Ozer 168 148 3
Smith 171 148 3
De Haan 102 100 2
Hunold 103 102 3
Austin 105 103 4
Ernst 104 103 4
Lorentz 107 103 4
Pataballa 106 103 4
Errazuriz 147 100 2
Ande 166 147 3
Banda 167 147 3
查询树形的数据结构，同时对一层里面的数据进行排序
SELECT last_name, employee_id, manager_id, LEVEL
FROM employees
START WITH employee_id = 100
CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id
ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name;
下面是查询结果
LAST_NAME EMPLOYEE_ID MANAGER_ID LEVEL
------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----------
King 100 1
Cambrault 148 100 2
Bates 172 148 3
Bloom 169 148 3
Fox 170 148 3
Kumar 173 148 3
Ozer 168 148 3
Smith 171 148 3
De Haan 102 100 2
Hunold 103 102 3
Austin 105 103 4
Ernst 104 103 4
Lorentz 107 103 4
Pataballa 106 103 4
Errazuriz 147 100 2
Ande 166 147 3
Banda 167 147 3
有时候写多了东西，居然还忘记最基本的sql语法，下面全部写出来，基本的oracle语句都在这里可以找到了。是很基础的语句！
Sql代码
在数据字典查询约束的相关信息：
SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition
FROM user_constraints WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES';
//这里的表名都是大写！
2对表结构进行说明：
desc Tablename
3查看用户下面有哪些表
select table_name from user_tables;
4查看约束在那个列上建立：
SELECT constraint_name, column_name
FROM user_cons_columns
WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES';
10结合变量查找相关某个表中约束的相关列名：
select constraint_name,column_name from user_cons_columns where table_name = '&tablename'
12查询数据字典看中间的元素：
SELECT object_name, object_type
FROM user_objects
WHERE object_name LIKE 'EMP%'
OR object_name LIKE 'DEPT%'
14查询对象类型：
SELECT DISTINCT object_type FROM user_objects ;
17改变对象名：（表名，视图,序列）
rename emp to emp_newTable
18添加表的注释：
COMMENT ON TABLE employees IS 'Employee Information';
20查看视图结构：
describe view_name
23在数据字典中查看视图信息：
select viewe_name,text from user_views
25查看数据字典中的序列：
select * from user_sequences
33得到所有的时区名字信息：
select * from v$timezone_names
34显示对时区‘US/Eastern’的时区偏移量
select TZ_OFFSET('US/Eastern') from DUAL--dual英文意思是‘双重的’
显示当前会话时区中的当前日期和时间:
ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS';--修改显示时间的方式的设置
ALTER SESSION SET TIME_ZONE = '-5:0';--修改时区
SELECT SESSIONTIMEZONE, CURRENT_DATE FROM DUAL;--真正有用的语句！
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;--返回的时间是当前日期和时间，含有时区
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;--返回的时间是当前日期和时间，不含有时区！！！
35显示数据库时区和会话时区的值：
select datimezone,sessiontimezone from dual;
13普通的建表语句：
CREATE TABLE dept
(deptno NUMBER(2),
dname VARCHAR2(14),
loc VARCHAR2(13));
15使用子查询建立表:
CREATE TABLE dept80
AS SELECT employee_id, last_name,
salary*12 ANNSAL,
hire_date FROM employees WHERE department_id = 80;
6添加列：// alter table EMP add column (dept_id number(7))；错误！！
alter table EMP add (dept_id number(7));
7删除一列：
alter table emp drop column dept_id;
8添加列名同时和约束：
alter table EMP add (dept_id number(7)
constraint my_emp_dept_id_fk references dept(ID));
9改变列：//注意约束不能够修改 的！！
alter table dept80 modify(last_name varchar2(30));//这里使用的是modify而不是alter!
24增加一行：
insert into table_name values();
5添加主键:
alter Table EMP add constraint my_emp_id_pk primary key (ID);
11添加一个有check约束的新列：
alter table EMP
add (COMMISSION number(2) constraint emp_commission_ck check(commission>0))
16删除表：
drop table emp;
19创建视图：
CREATE VIEW empvu80
AS SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees WHERE department_id = 80;
21删除视图：
drop view view_name
22找到工资最高的5个人。（top-n分析）（行内视图）
select rownum,employee_id from (select employee_id,salary from
employees order by salary desc)
where rownum<5;
26建立同义词：
create synonym 同义词名 for 原来的名字
或者 create public synonym 同义词名 for 原来的名字
27建立序列：（注意，这里并没有出现说是哪个表里面的序列！！）
CREATE SEQUENCE dept_deptid_seq
INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 120
MAXVALUE 9999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE
28使用序列：
insert into dept(ID,NAME) values(DEPT_ID_SEQ.nextval,'Administration');
29建立索引：//默认就是nonunique索引，除非使用了关键字：unique
CREATE INDEX emp_last_name_idx ON employees(last_name);
30建立用户：（可能有错，详细查看帮助）
create user username(用户名)
identified by oracle(密码)
default tablespace data01(表空间名//默认存在system表空间里面)